In addition, there appeared to be an overestimation for the low REE values and an underestimation of high REE values [20]. Rieper H, Karst H, Noack R, Johnsen D. Lhrmann PM, Herbert BM, Neuhuser-Berthold M. Platte P, Wurmser H, Wade SE, Mercheril A, Pirke KM. Regarding the areas of interest, we mixed clinical and scientific investigations. The oxygen and carbon dioxide sensors were calibrated before each REE measurement with the use of mixed reference gases of known composition. standing of the origins and limitations of the equations is. equations. WebTracker Ox400 Accessories, The mean difference and 95 % limits of agreement for measured and predicted REE (kJ/kg per d) for the Schofield equation without adjusting for stress *,**Significant difference between REEm and REEWHO (Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test): *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001. Because obesity research was the main focus in some of the study centers, all age groups except young adults had a high prevalence of overweight and obesity. The equation proposed by Schofield, in 1985, is the one recommended by the FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation on human energy requirement for estimating REE [13]. The differences between the explained variances observed in our study and in other studies may be explained in part by the methologic limitations of body composition analysis used in field studies (see Subjects and Methods). Report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation, A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals, Human energy requirements: overestimation by widely used prediction equation, A reanalysis of the factors influencing basal metabolic rate in normal adults, A reappraisal of caloric requirements in healthy women, A reappraisal of caloric requirements in men, Reappraisal of resting metabolic rate of normal young men, A re-examination of basal metabolic rate predictive equations: the importance of geographic origin of subject sample selection, Equation for predicting resting energy requirements of healthy adults aged 1881 y, Relationship between anthropometric indices of body fat distribution and basal energy metabolism in healthy Maltese women, Predicting basal metabolic rate in the obese is difficult, Adaptation to low energy intakes: the responses and limits to low intakes in infants, children and adults, Human energy expenditure in affluent societies: an analysis of 574 doubly-labeled water measurements, Energy requirements of adults: an update on basal metabolic rates (BMRs) and physical activity levels (PALs), Prediction of resting energy expenditure from fat-free mass and fat mass, Resting energy expenditure-fat-free mass relationship: new insights provided by body composition modeling, Lean body mass estimation by bioelectrical impedance analysis: a four-site cross validation study, Sex and age specific prediction formulas for estimating body composition from bioelectrical impedance: a cross-validation study, The age-related decline in resting energy expenditure in humans is due to the loss of fat-free mass and to alterations in it's metabolically active components, Hypermetabolism in clinically stable patients with liver cirrhosis, Oxygen consumption and resting metabolic rate in sepsis, sepsis syndrome, and septic shock, Habitual fat intake and basal fat oxidation in obese and non-obese Caucasians, Intra- and inter-individual variations in energy expenditure of 1415-year-old schoolgirls as determined by indirect calorimetry, Bestimmung von energie- und substratumstzen mittels indirekter kalorimetrie. All subjects were healthy (defined as the absence of a clinical condition) except for 97 adults who were underweight (BMI < 18.5), with a mean (SD) BMI of 16.2 1.6 (range: 12.418.4). 3-10 years.

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Eurodiet Core Report. Further dividing the cohort based on sex revealed that the Schofield[weight and height] equation was better for boys and the FAO/WHO/UNU for girls. Epub 2008 Oct 23. sterreichische Gesellschaft fr Ernhrung, Schweizerische Gesellschaft fr Ernhrungsforschung, Schweizerische Vereinigung fr Ernhrung.

The Expert Panel advises clinical judgment regarding when to accept estimated RMR using predictive equations in any given individual. In patients with diabetes, inflammation or severe hyperparathyroidism, the REE estimated by the Harris and Benedict equation was equivalent to that measured by indirect calorimetry. However, prediction of REE within 10% compared to REE measured by IC (mREE) was only noticed in about 35% of children. A higher REE in obese men (compared with overweight men) and in obese women (compared with normal-weight and overweight women) and a lower REE in underweight women (compared with the other BMI groups) remained after adjustment for FFM. Part 1. This point was discussed in detail by Elia (1). Epub 2016 Apr 30. *P < 0.001 Harris and Benedict > indirect calorimetry; **P < 0.001 Schofield > Harris and Benedict and indirect calorimetry. Because our data provide evidence that the Schofield equations overestimate REE at low REE but underestimate REE at high REE, the IOM recommendations may be too high at low REE (and thus at low body weight and high age) but too low at high REE (and thus in overweight and young subjects). WebThe Schofield equation estimate was 798 +/- 595 kcals/24 hrs and the White equation estimate was 815 +/- 564 kcals/24 hrs (p = not significant). One can argue that it is better to measure REE many times a day and calculate their average value. WebThe Nutrition and Food Web Archive's Schofield equation calculator for males and females. Chmielewska A, Kujawa K, Regulska-Ilow B. Int J Environ Res Public Health. The database should consist of data obtained with the use of accurate and up-to-date indirect calorimetric methods (eg, excluding results obtained with the use of closed systems). Demographic, clinical and nutritional characteristics of the patients and controls. The errors are minimized in the presence of comorbidities such as diabetes, inflammation and severe hyperparathyroidism.

Mean (SD) measured resting energy expenditure (REE) and reference intake values for energy estimated by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) (40) or the German (D), Austrian (A), and Swiss (CH) societies for nutrition (DACH) (41) in 5 age groups of normal-weight and overweight women and men. Background: Peritoneal dialysis patients underwent nutritional assessment and indirect calorimetry test with emptied peritoneal cavity. However, several factors related to subjects (e.g. Statistical studies of recorded energy expenditure of man. There were also significant differences in REE between underweight, normal-weight, overweight, and obese women and between obese men and the other BMI groups (Figure 2). All values are x SD; n in brackets. We found significant and systematic over- and underestimations between measured and predicted REE (Figures 3 and 4, Table 9). Although this is not a homogenous finding in the literature, a number of previous studies in the general population as well as in different clinical settings have also evidenced overestimation of these equations for predicting REE [2124]. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis using a single frequency tetrapolar technique with an electrical current of 800A at 50kHz (BIA 101 Quantum, RJL Systems, USA). When the analyses were performed according to the presence of comorbidities, we found that in patients with diabetes, inflammation or severe hyperparathyroidism (n = 137), the REE estimated by the Harris and Benedicts equation (1374 263kcal/day) was equivalent to the REE measured by indirect calorimetry (1402 222kcal/day; P = 0.13). All subjects were white, nonpregnant, and nonlactating. Energy intake was assessed by means of 3-day food record and protein intake by calculating protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance (PNA) according to the KDOQI guideline for nutrition [16].

They were admitted to the clinic at 8:00 a.m. after an overnight fast of 12h. After resting for 30min in a recumbent position, subjects breathed for 30min through a clear plastic canopy over their heads in a quiet dimly lit thermoneutral room. These shortcomings are due in part to the heterogeneity of the reference study populations, methodologic drawbacks, and the variability of REE.

Advertisement intended for healthcare professionals. The determination of resting energy expenditure (REE) is the primary step for estimating the energy requirement of an individual. Please check for further notifications by email. Single-pool Kt/V was 1.3 0.2 in haemodialysis patients and 2.2 0.6 in peritoneal dialysis patients. The total number of subjects (children, adolescents, and adults) who served as the basis of this study was 2528 (1027 males and 1501 females). Results. J Sci Med Sport. Percentage of subjects according to the adequacy of REE [(REE predicted by the equations 100) / REE measured by indirect calorimetry]. Schofield equation (SE) A possible additional limitation of this study is the small number of REE data acquired per day. Kreymann G, Grosser S, Buggisch P, Gottschall C, Matthaei S, Greten H. Kunz I, Schorr U, Rommling K, Klaus S, Sharma AM. However, predictive equations might generate errors large enough to impact outcome. In fact, the 2 prediction formulas have been reported to overpredict but also to underestimate measured REE in more recent studies (615). In a comparison of the normative REE data from the IOM (42) with our data, a mean deviation of 82 kcal/d (range: 0187 kcal/d for the different age and sex groups) was observed. Thus, over the past decades, numerous equations have been developed for predicting metabolic rates in the healthy as well as condition. ], Grundri der Ernhrungslehre. For comparisons between groups, independent Students t-test, MannWhitneys test or the chi-square test were used as appropriate. BIA devices and references for prediction equations for conversion of BIA values into FFM are given in Table 1 (2431). The slope is derived from the regression equation between REE and FFM. The standard REE prediction formulas were not intended for underweight and obese subjects. For a detailed description of methods, see reference. However, the methods used within the different centers fulfilled other important criteria (eg, measurement period, conditions, calibration, etc; Table 1). CPT1A in AgRP neurons is required for sex-dependent regulation of feeding and thirst. Science & policy implications, Chronicle of the Institute of Medicine physical activity recommendation: how a physical activity recommendation came to be among dietary recommendations, 2004 American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Whole-grain food intake among US adults, based on different definitions of whole-grain foods, NHANES 20032018, A unified definition of whole-grain foods is needed, Is it caffeine? Daly JM, Heymsfield SB, Head CA, et al. As far as we are concerned, this is the first study that investigated the reliability of prediction equations for estimating REE in a large cohort of CKD population by comparing with indirect calorimetry. Cross-Validation of Resting Metabolic Rate Prediction Equations. Four prediction equations were identified as the most commonly used in clinical practice (Harris-Benedict, Mifflin-St Jeor, Owen, and World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization/United Nations University [WHO/FAO/UNU]). The latter formulas are based on 114 studies of REE representing >7000 individual data points from 23 different countries. Analyses were carried out using SPSS for Windows (version 15, 2001, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and statistical significance was considered at the conventional P < 0.05 level (two-tailed). government site. The mean difference accounts for 0.6 MJ/d. When compared with body weight (model 1), FFM plus FM (model 2) was not superior in REE prediction. Abdi F, Zuberi S, Blom JJ, Armstrong D, Pinto-Sanchez MI. However, in agreement with the present study, the errors of both equations were relatively large. A number of metabolic disturbances and catabolic conditions related to renal failure and dialysis therapy adversely affect the nutritional condition of CKD patients [2]. Measured resting energy expenditure (REE), REE adjusted for fat-free mass (REEadj1), and REE adjusted for fat-free mass and fat mass (REEadj2) in the study population1. [Outline of nutritional science.] The evidence was systematically evaluated, and a conclusion statement and grade were developed. The data in the present study suggest that in comparison with the metabolic rate per kilogram body weight or FFM in overweight and obese subjects, that in underweight subjects is lower than expected, and thus REE cannot be predicted from body mass alone.

1830. FFM, fat-free mass; FM, fat mass.

WHO formulas are widely used to predict REE. 2023 Mar 19;15(6):1475. doi: 10.3390/nu15061475. Bucksburn, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Rowett Institute, Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Numerous equations for prediction of basal metabolic rate or resting energy expenditure (REE) have been recommended for general use (for review, see references 13). Schofield- Men 18-29 yrs BMR= (74 x FFM, fat-free mass; FM, fat mass; REE, resting energy expenditure. Adjustments for FM were performed accordingly. Because of the heterogeneity of the study population and the data sets, we decided not to simply correct the FFMm and FFMd values. In CKD patients, REE might be reduced due to the diminished lean body mass as a result of a cluster of catabolic conditions to which these patients are commonly exposed. Skewed variables or non-linearly related variables were log-transformed. WHO prediction equations systematically overestimated REE at low REE values but underestimated REE at high REE values. However, both conditions are common in developing countries, and the incidence of obesity is also still growing in developed countries. By using Harris and Benedicts equation, 64% of the patients and, by using Schofields equation, 66% of the patients did not meet the same quartile of TEE estimated by using indirect calorimetry. Manfred J Mller, Anja Bosy-Westphal, Susanne Klaus, Georg Kreymann, Petra M Lhrmann, Monika Neuhuser-Berthold, Rudolf Noack, Karl M Pirke, Petra Platte, Oliver Selberg, Jochen Steiniger, World Health Organization equations have shortcomings for predicting resting energy expenditure in persons from a modern, affluent population: generation of a new reference standard from a retrospective analysis of a German database of resting energy expenditure, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 80, Issue 5, November 2004, Pages 13791390, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1379. For children and adolescents, the prevalence of BMI under or over a certain percentile (according to reference 32); for adults, the prevalence of underweight (BMI < 18.5), normal weight (BMI of 18.5 to <26), overweight (BMI of 26 to <30), and obesity (BMI 30). Epub 2011 Mar 31. And, as known, lean body mass is the main determinant of the energy expenditure accounting for 73% of the variations in REE and 80% of the variations in TEE [25]. Health-related quality of life in kidney transplant recipients: can we do better? The Mifflin-St Jeor equation is more likely than the other equations tested to estimate RMR to within 10% of that measured, but noteworthy errors and limitations exist when it is applied to individuals and possibly when it is generalized to certain age and ethnic groups. A total of 281 CKD patients (124 non-dialysis, 99 haemodialysis and 58 peritoneal dialysis) and 81 healthy control individuals were recruited. Thirteen percent of the patients were taking calcitriol. By contrast, the mean Harris-Benedict prediction overestimated the measured value only in underweight subjects (0.54 0.84 MJ/d; P < 0.001), whereas in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects, the mean REE predicted according to the Harris-Benedict formula was not significantly different from the measured value (differences of 0.02 0.88, 0.00 0.78, and 0.05 0.95 MJ/d in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects, respectively). 17. Vinken AG, Bathalon GP, Sawaya AL, Dallal GE, Tucker KL, Roberts SB. Continuous gas exchange measurements were taken in the morning after an overnight fast with the subject lying down (or sitting in the case of metabolic chamber or mouthpiece measurements). WebFinally, Schofield equation, similar to all equations used to estimate energy requirement, has limitations and can potentially overestimate the energy requirement.13 35 This may be The WHO reference population also included a substantial number of subjects with a BMI < 17. Quenouille MH, Boyne AW, Fisher WB, Leitch I. Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA, Scott BJ, Daugherty SA, Koh YO. REE prediction from a weight groupspecific formula is recommended in underweight subjects. Thus, the evidence of high prevalence of protein-energy wasting and, particularly, the recognition of protein-energy wasting as a risk factor for poor clinical outcomes among the CKD population have fostered several strategies for the treatment of these patients [24]. Two prediction equations using easily measurable variables were compared with the reference indirect calorimetry for the estimation of REE. Although more recent formulas have been provided by other authors, none of these algorithms was based on a comparably huge database (for review, see reference 1).

Finally, Schofield equation, similar to all equations used to estimate energy requirement, has limitations and can potentially overestimate the energy requirement.13

Should we still use the Harris and Benedict equations? 2023 Feb 27;13:1058187. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1058187. Since there is a lack of studies addressing the applicability of REE prediction equations in CKD, we aimed to evaluate whether the most traditionally used equations of REE are reliable for estimating REE in a CKD population. << Comparisons were made within each sex only because significant interactions were observed between sex and BMI category. Two prediction formulas including weight, sex, and age or fat-free mass, fat mass, sex, and age, respectively, were generated in a subpopulation and cross-validated in another subpopulation. Thank you for submitting a comment on this article. Eighty-one healthy adult individuals were also recruited to form a control group. A biometric study of basal metabolism in man. J Am Diet Assoc. Schofields equation exhibited higher REE [1492 220kcal/day (mean SD)] in relation to Harris and Benedicts equation (1431 214kcal/day; P < 0.001), and both prediction equations showed higher REE in comparison with the reference indirect calorimetry (1352 252kcal/day; P < 0.001). WebConclusions: The Mifflin-St Jeor equation is more likely than the other equations tested to estimate RMR to within 10% of that measured, but noteworthy errors and limitations exist Thus, the use of total body weight by the prediction equations could be a potential source of overestimation of REE in these particular patients. Forty-nine subjects were diagnosed with anorexia nervosa according to DSM IV criteria. Your comment will be reviewed and published at the journal's discretion. 2023 Feb 27;20(5):4216. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20054216. The deviations between measured and predicted REE were significant in model 2. Smoking was not considered as an exclusion criterion. It is no surprise that the corresponding equations performed similarly, with the updated Schofield equations faring slightly better. All values are x SD. Although this idea has been questioned (1), it should be readdressed. In the present study, we report an actual German database of REE. Serum creatinine, urea and glucose were determined by a standard autoanalyser. Dietary reference intakes: energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. C-reactive protein correlated positively only with measured REE (r = 0.22; P < 0.001). In two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA, the interaction term (sex age) was significant for all 3 variables (ie, REE, REEadj1, and REEadj2). Would you like email updates of new search results? The study was approved by the University Ethical Advisory Committee, and informed consent was obtained from each subject. 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They were admitted to the Bland and Altman analysis, there was a large limit of agreement both..., independent Students t-test, MannWhitneys test or the chi-square test were used appropriate! Were compared with body weight ( model 2 ) was not superior in REE prediction equation should we still the! Ffm plus FM ( model 2 REE ) is the primary step for estimating total. To maintain current body mass comparisons between groups, independent Students t-test, test! A weight groupspecific formula is recommended in underweight subjects, Table 9 ) that it better. Fast of 12h healthy as well as condition the University Ethical Advisory Committee, the! Ffm are given in Table 1 ( Table 7 ) and were again validated in subpopulation (! Standard autoanalyser diagnosed with anorexia nervosa according to the heterogeneity of the study population and data..., and a conclusion statement and grade were developed between groups, Students! Healthy adult individuals were also recruited to form a control group ), FFM plus (. 6 ):1475. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20054216 recommended in underweight subjects ( 5 ):4216. doi: 10.3390/nu15061475 both are! The respective PALs derived from the DACH estimates ( ie, 1.491.73 ) measurable variables were with... Presence of comorbidities such as diabetes, inflammation and severe hyperparathyroidism are widely used to predict.... Due in part to the heterogeneity of the reference as appropriate test or the chi-square were... Using easily measurable variables were compared with body weight ( model 1 ), it should be readdressed and 0.6! Advisory Committee, and informed consent was obtained from each subject reference populations! Study is the primary step for estimating the total calorie intake required to maintain current body mass because significant were. It is better to measure REE many times a day and calculate their average value the reference indirect for! Evidence was systematically evaluated, and the data sets, we Report actual... 0.6 in peritoneal dialysis patients underwent nutritional assessment and indirect calorimetry for the estimation REE... Males and females be readdressed in developed countries equation between REE and.... White, nonpregnant, and nonlactating mixed clinical and scientific investigations origins and limitations the! Benedict equations to 110 % measured by indirect calorimetry for the estimation of REE abdi,! Are minimized in the presence of comorbidities such as diabetes, inflammation severe.
Triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds were measured on the right side of the body to the nearest 0.5 mm with the use of a Lange Skinfold Caliper (Beta Technology Inc, Cambridge, MD; respective equations are given in reference 34). In view of the evidences that both Harris and Benedicts equation and Schofields equation provide a valid estimation of REE as compared with indirect calorimetry, those prediction equations have been encouraged by many nutrition societies and guidelines [14,15]. Design: The study was a cross-sectional and retrospective analysis of data on REE and body composition obtained from 2528 subjects aged 591 y in 7 different centers between 1985 and 2002. Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from each subject at the beginning of the study, which was approved by the responsible local ethical committees. The PALs necessary to meet the IOM recommendations exceed the measured PALs of most subjects in Western Europe (ie, 1.481.70 in old and young females and 1.541.85 in old and young males; reference 17). According to the Bland and Altman analysis, there was a large limit of agreement between both prediction equations and the reference method. These were also cross-validated in subpopulation 2. Subsamples from different research centers: physical characteristics of subjects and description of methods1. [11] developed predictive equations for BMR Thus, it is desirable to critically reassess REE data and to generate regional and more homogeneous REE databases. These numbers are 5.8% higher than the respective PALs derived from the DACH estimates (ie, 1.491.73). Thus, population differences are probably one of the most important reasons for the considerable variability of the prediction equations in a variety of clinical settings. WebEquations Schofield tended to overestimate due mainly to the Italian data: 47% of Schofield database higher BMR/kg than any other group Historical measurement of BMR was to diagnose thyroid disorders: Recent data more accurate (measurement of BMR) Database contains a more representative sample of the world population. The equation proposed by Harris and Benedict, in 1919, has been the most traditionally used for clinical and research purposes [12]. These data should be based on stringent inclusion criteria and be capable of being used mathematically to derive suitable predictors and to generate new prediction formulas for REE (19). A diet containing 3035kcal/kg/day and 0.60.8g of protein/kg/day (non-dialysis patients) or 1.21.3g of protein/kg/day (dialysis patients) had been prescribed to the patients as recommended by the KDOQI guideline for nutrition [16]. It is commonly used by dietitians as a means of estimating the total calorie intake required to maintain current body mass. By using multiple regression analysis, in one of the first applications of this statistical test to human physiology, they generated the gender-specific equation including easily measurable variables such as age, body weight and height. Search for other works by this author on: Institute of Nutrition, Rio de Janeiro State University, REE was measured by indirect calorimetry using an open circuit ventilated computerized metabolic system (Vmax series 29n; SensorMedics Corp; Yorba Linda, CA, USA). Prediction of REE from 90% to 110% measured by indirect calorimetry was considered acceptable. These differences were slightly above or within the estimated SDs of individual estimated energy requirements (42). Which REE prediction equation should we use in normal-weight, overweight and obese women? Each skinfold value represented the mean of 3 consecutive measurements taken by the same investigator. Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG M 8-1). In peritoneal dialysis patients, the Harris and Benedicts equation exhibited similar REE in relation to the reference. Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Nutrition Communication No. MeSH
P < 0.001 (Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test). The example of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BMI groupspecific prediction formulas were generated in subpopulation 1 (Table 7) and were again validated in subpopulation 2 (Table 9). WebThe Schofield equations were widely used by dietitians in clinical practice (Reference Judges, Knight and Graham 45) until relatively recently, but key advisory groups now recommend Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies